Chapter 15

Daniel Guerrero

Professor Patricia Andrews, MA

01/29/19

Chapter 15

Luther's Ninety-Five Theses; and the beginning of the Protestant Reformation began in the year of

1517. Martin Luther was a German priest who wanted to reform Roman Catholicism not to break

away from it. He had a 95 Theses combined with common criticisms of the Catholic hierarchy and

its corruption. Also stated that faith, was the path to salvation. Luther's ideas made a revolutionary

impact. Which lead a split into Catholicism, called Protestantism. The power of writing became very

important to society and its different groups who had different views of religion. After this, Western

Europe had a long period of political, economic, and religion tension with its people. Peasant revolts

happened in the German lands around the 1520s. But all of this came into an end, The Peace of

Westphalia (1648),  by establishing political boundaries. The Catholic church converting Native

Americans in the New World represents its greatest success overseas. The Aztec and Inca empires

collapsed with the arrival of Europeans. Christianity was making powerful moves to these foreign

lands/worlds. But in Asian, Christianity never really put emphasis on them, specifically China. The

Ming and Qing dynasties were never in an form of danger such as a military takeover by any

Western Empire during this time. China also had down their own traditions. Christianity did not

make a difference with anything they had from their belief system. All of this was going then later

the birth of modern science came into play. Scientific Method was one that generated knowledge

from carefully observation, controlled experiments and formulations of general laws with the help of

mathematic principles. Believe it or not this also caused a huge chaos with the Catholic Church.

Science was mostly seen as a false idea or a malevolent tool from the devil. It was not perfect time to

present science at such an incredible rate methods, ideas, experiments. But nothing is always a

perfect time.

Chapter 14 (second half)

Daniel Guerrero

Professor Patricia Andrews, MA

01/19/19

Chapter 14 (second half)

Europe's population grew at the sane time as a cooling period whish is now known as the 

"Little Ice Age." During this time there was more demand for furs to keep warm. This made the 

northern Europeans to begin exploration in territories in North America. Obviously this there was 

competition for warm clothing within European states. Some trade with Native Americans, trading 

European goods, such as firearms and liquor for furs an skins. This competition was just any regular 

competition, it was intense and the type intensity involved led to near extinction of several species of 

animals. Native Americans did most of the labor and fur trade, but were not forced into it. The fur 

trade many consequences for the Native American societies. Some tribes did benefit from the fur 

trade,  wealth and political power. Contact with the Europeans led to the epidemic diseases. Then 

later came into play, better known as "The Atlantic Slave Trade." "Between 1500 and 1866, this 

trade in human beings took and estimated 12.5 million people from African societies, shipped them 

across  the Atlantic in the infamous Middle Passage, and deposited some 10.7 million of them in the 

Americas, where they lived out their often-brief lives as slaves." (Strayer, 620) In Europe, profit 

increased and stereotypes developed. This was not the first view of slavery, it goes back even before 

the 1500s. The males did all the hard labor in plantation agriculture. Slaves had no status and no 

rights at all. Slaves were racially known as Africans. The Europeans did not go inside of Africa 

because there was some states that had a strong military, so they waited on the coast. Waited for the 

African slave traders to bring them human cargo from Africa. Without the slave trade merchants, the 

Atlantic Slave Trade would not be possible. After the 17th century, about 10,000 slaves were sold 

per year.  

Chapter 14 (First Half)

Daniel Guerrero

Professor Patricia Andrews, MA

01/15/19

Chapter 14 (first half)

The European conquest of the Americas has had an enormous impact on the global economy. The

Europeans desire to continue to do business was to move their markets into Asia. Europeans wanted

to go to Asia because the desire of foreign luxury goods but it was also for their spices. Europe's

population began to recover after the effects of the black death (1348). At the same time this was

happening, European monarchs were developing more efficient means of governing. There was also

a lot of problems over sea. Trading became one of the most reliable source that European city states

needed. The trading system was a problem because the Muslims controlled the supply of goods from

Asia. The biggest problem that Europe had was the fact that it had nothing of value to trade with

Asian creating an enormous trade imbalance. Europe always had to purchase with gold and silver to

have Asian goods such as spices. The Asian ports and the Asian economy were much wealthier than

the Portuguese or other European economies. Soon the Portuguese realized that the Indian Ocean

trade was unarmed, they used their ships and cannons to attack merchants and ports taking whatever

they wanted. They Portuguese had such a powerful game plan with their military system that they

later over took he existing ports in East Africa, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and China.

Later on, Portuguese trading system that they thought one day they would take over, soon it came to

an end around the year 1600. "Spain was the first to challenge Portugal's position." (Strayer, 606)

Ferdinand Magellan is known as the first around the world voyage. The island known as the

Philippines was named after King Philip the Second. The Spanish soon came to realize as an entry

point into Asian Trade.

Chapter 13

Daniel Guerrero
Professor Patricia Andrews, MA
01/10/19
Chapter 13

The European empires were unique because they involved expansion. Europe made it possible to

expand because they had short trips across the Atlantic ocean and were close to the Americas.

Almost all social groups wanted to expand, both the poor and the elite wanted to gain land and

wealth, merchants wanted markets, the church wanted to spread the faith, the knights wanted glory

and more gold. But with this expansion the Europeans also found contact with the Aztecs and the

Incas, which lead to rivalries. What the Europeans did not know that they brought diseases like small

pox or the epidemic disease killing thousands of people. Not just themselves, but in their animals,

plants and the rats that were brought upon the boat. The most famous European food source brought

to the Americas were corn. maze, and potatoes. The European men sought rape and sexual abuse

with Native American and African women were commonly known. The indigenous men heard this

and try to preserve their own blond, no mixes. Strayer focuses on Europeans in American and what

they started. Now there was another Empire in the come up, which was Russia. The expansion of

Russia was for security, justification and motivation for society. The expansion in Siberia was

mainly for economic reasons. The Russian use gun powder to make their statement known and show

intimidation. Russia also brought their culture, language and orthodox church taught the Indians.

Russia was built with wealth because of many different groups, religions and products sold by

differently ethnicities.  Another Empire was being built, Asia. Their expansion of their empire was

built for security purposes, not economic ones. Mughal Empire was also being built. Only 20%  of

the population was Muslim. Akbar, a famous emperor made a lot of tolerant policies. But after he

died many other emperors changed the system but not a drastic change that the empire would fall. I

found the reading to fascinating because there was so many empires evolving to have power or

security.

Part Four

Daniel Guerrero

Professor: Patricia Andrews 

1/10/19

World History 2

Intro to Part Four

In the early modern world a lot was happening. I found the text very interesting to read and learn

about what was going on around the world in other countries at the same time. New technology,

different modernization in cities, new fire arms, innovation of building and trade routes that involved

diseases. Cities were growing, innovations of new laws, government formation, military, evolution

of clothes and types of education. "The most obviously modern cultural development took place in

Europe." (pg547) In Europe a lot was happening, the black death, the evolution of science, gun

powder was made, slavery, religion and a different form of government obedience. Kings and

Queens were the face of the country, viewed as the high hierarchy in their system. After them were

the nobles, knights (army), and peasants the non-educated. The modern world historically speaking

began in the year 1400 to 1800. Japan had an enormous population of people. The world came to

"(from about 374 million to 968 million)" people. (pg548) More people means more food. Yes, man

and women were still using muscles, nothing like machines existed to make jobs easier. The

modernization of buildings and the type of government form came from the intelligent brains, energy

and power from human beings to create an empire unforgettable that would be spoken throughout

history. 

YAY!!!!!!

Daniel Guerrero Guerrero
Professor Patricia Andrews, MA
1/10/19
World History 2
                                                                     Yay -  I am done!!!!